Subprocess improvements (#10973)

* Use list-form arguments for subprocess.run calls where possible

Augments #10944

* Deduplicate curl code

* Avoid eval() to parse integer

---------

Signed-off-by: Glenn Jocher <glenn.jocher@ultralytics.com>
Co-authored-by: Glenn Jocher <glenn.jocher@ultralytics.com>

classify/train.py

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def train(opt, device):
             LOGGER.info(f'\nDataset not found ⚠️, missing path {data_dir}, attempting download...')
             t = time.time()
             if str(data) == 'imagenet':
-                subprocess.run(f"bash {ROOT / 'data/scripts/get_imagenet.sh'}", shell=True, check=True)
+                subprocess.run(["bash", str(ROOT / 'data/scripts/get_imagenet.sh')], shell=True, check=True)
             else:
                 url = f'https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/releases/download/v1.0/{data}.zip'
                 download(url, dir=data_dir.parent)

export.py

@@ -194,8 +194,15 @@ def export_openvino(file, metadata, half, prefix=colorstr('OpenVINO:')):
     LOGGER.info(f'\n{prefix} starting export with openvino {ie.__version__}...')
     f = str(file).replace('.pt', f'_openvino_model{os.sep}')
 
-    cmd = f"mo --input_model {file.with_suffix('.onnx')} --output_dir {f} --data_type {'FP16' if half else 'FP32'}"
+    args = [
-    subprocess.run(cmd.split(), check=True, env=os.environ)  # export
+        "mo",
+        "--input_model",
+        str(file.with_suffix('.onnx')),
+        "--output_dir",
+        f,
+        "--data_type",
+        ("FP16" if half else "FP32"),]
+    subprocess.run(args, check=True, env=os.environ)  # export
     yaml_save(Path(f) / file.with_suffix('.yaml').name, metadata)  # add metadata.yaml
     return f, None
 
@@ -420,8 +427,15 @@ def export_edgetpu(file, prefix=colorstr('Edge TPU:')):
     f = str(file).replace('.pt', '-int8_edgetpu.tflite')  # Edge TPU model
     f_tfl = str(file).replace('.pt', '-int8.tflite')  # TFLite model
 
-    cmd = f"edgetpu_compiler -s -d -k 10 --out_dir {file.parent} {f_tfl}"
+    subprocess.run([
-    subprocess.run(cmd.split(), check=True)
+        'edgetpu_compiler',
+        '-s',
+        '-d',
+        '-k',
+        '10',
+        '--out_dir',
+        str(file.parent),
+        f_tfl,], check=True)
     return f, None
 
 
@@ -436,11 +450,14 @@ def export_tfjs(file, int8, prefix=colorstr('TensorFlow.js:')):
     f_pb = file.with_suffix('.pb')  # *.pb path
     f_json = f'{f}/model.json'  # *.json path
 
-    int8_export = ' --quantize_uint8 ' if int8 else ''
+    args = [
-
+        'tensorflowjs_converter',
-    cmd = f'tensorflowjs_converter --input_format=tf_frozen_model {int8_export}' \
+        '--input_format=tf_frozen_model',
-          f'--output_node_names=Identity,Identity_1,Identity_2,Identity_3 {f_pb} {f}'
+        '--quantize_uint8' if int8 else '',
-    subprocess.run(cmd.split())
+        '--output_node_names=Identity,Identity_1,Identity_2,Identity_3',
+        str(f_pb),
+        str(f),]
+    subprocess.run([arg for arg in args if arg], check=True)
 
     json = Path(f_json).read_text()
     with open(f_json, 'w') as j:  # sort JSON Identity_* in ascending order

segment/train.py

@@ -598,8 +598,12 @@ def main(opt, callbacks=Callbacks()):
         # ei = [isinstance(x, (int, float)) for x in hyp.values()]  # evolvable indices
         evolve_yaml, evolve_csv = save_dir / 'hyp_evolve.yaml', save_dir / 'evolve.csv'
         if opt.bucket:
-            subprocess.run(
+            # download evolve.csv if exists
-                f'gsutil cp gs://{opt.bucket}/evolve.csv {evolve_csv}'.split())  # download evolve.csv if exists
+            subprocess.run([
+                'gsutil',
+                'cp',
+                f'gs://{opt.bucket}/evolve.csv',
+                str(evolve_csv),])
 
         for _ in range(opt.evolve):  # generations to evolve
             if evolve_csv.exists():  # if evolve.csv exists: select best hyps and mutate

segment/val.py

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ def main(opt):
                     r, _, t = run(**vars(opt), plots=False)
                     y.append(r + t)  # results and times
                 np.savetxt(f, y, fmt='%10.4g')  # save
-            subprocess.run('zip -r study.zip study_*.txt'.split())
+            subprocess.run(['zip', '-r', 'study.zip', 'study_*.txt'])
             plot_val_study(x=x)  # plot
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(f'--task {opt.task} not in ("train", "val", "test", "speed", "study")')

train.py

@@ -572,8 +572,12 @@ def main(opt, callbacks=Callbacks()):
         # ei = [isinstance(x, (int, float)) for x in hyp.values()]  # evolvable indices
         evolve_yaml, evolve_csv = save_dir / 'hyp_evolve.yaml', save_dir / 'evolve.csv'
         if opt.bucket:
-            subprocess.run(
+            # download evolve.csv if exists
-                f'gsutil cp gs://{opt.bucket}/evolve.csv {evolve_csv}'.split())  # download evolve.csv if exists
+            subprocess.run([
+                'gsutil',
+                'cp',
+                f'gs://{opt.bucket}/evolve.csv',
+                str(evolve_csv),])
 
         for _ in range(opt.evolve):  # generations to evolve
             if evolve_csv.exists():  # if evolve.csv exists: select best hyps and mutate

utils/downloads.py

@@ -26,8 +26,10 @@ def is_url(url, check=True):
 
 def gsutil_getsize(url=''):
     # gs://bucket/file size https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/commands/du
-    s = subprocess.check_output(f'gsutil du {url}', shell=True).decode('utf-8')
+    output = subprocess.check_output(['gsutil', 'du', url], shell=True, encoding='utf-8')
-    return eval(s.split(' ')[0]) if len(s) else 0  # bytes
+    if output:
+        return int(output.split()[0])
+    return 0
 
 
 def url_getsize(url='https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'):
@@ -36,6 +38,25 @@ def url_getsize(url='https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'):
     return int(response.headers.get('content-length', -1))
 
 
+def curl_download(url, filename, *, silent: bool = False) -> bool:
+    """
+    Download a file from a url to a filename using curl.
+    """
+    silent_option = 'sS' if silent else ''  # silent
+    proc = subprocess.run([
+        'curl',
+        '-#',
+        f'-{silent_option}L',
+        url,
+        '--output',
+        filename,
+        '--retry',
+        '9',
+        '-C',
+        '-',])
+    return proc.returncode == 0
+
+
 def safe_download(file, url, url2=None, min_bytes=1E0, error_msg=''):
     # Attempts to download file from url or url2, checks and removes incomplete downloads < min_bytes
     from utils.general import LOGGER
@@ -50,8 +71,8 @@ def safe_download(file, url, url2=None, min_bytes=1E0, error_msg=''):
         if file.exists():
             file.unlink()  # remove partial downloads
         LOGGER.info(f'ERROR: {e}\nRe-attempting {url2 or url} to {file}...')
-        subprocess.run(
+        # curl download, retry and resume on fail
-            f"curl -# -L '{url2 or url}' -o '{file}' --retry 3 -C -".split())  # curl download, retry and resume on fail
+        curl_download(url2 or url, file)
     finally:
         if not file.exists() or file.stat().st_size < min_bytes:  # check
             if file.exists():

utils/general.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import torchvision
 import yaml
 
 from utils import TryExcept, emojis
-from utils.downloads import gsutil_getsize
+from utils.downloads import gsutil_getsize, curl_download
 from utils.metrics import box_iou, fitness
 
 FILE = Path(__file__).resolve()
@@ -630,9 +630,7 @@ def download(url, dir='.', unzip=True, delete=True, curl=False, threads=1, retry
             LOGGER.info(f'Downloading {url} to {f}...')
             for i in range(retry + 1):
                 if curl:
-                    s = 'sS' if threads > 1 else ''  # silent
+                    success = curl_download(url, f, silent=(threads > 1))
-                    proc = subprocess.run(f'curl -# -{s}L "{url}" -o "{f}" --retry 9 -C -'.split())
-                    success = proc.returncode == 0
                 else:
                     torch.hub.download_url_to_file(url, f, progress=threads == 1)  # torch download
                     success = f.is_file()

val.py

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ def main(opt):
                     r, _, t = run(**vars(opt), plots=False)
                     y.append(r + t)  # results and times
                 np.savetxt(f, y, fmt='%10.4g')  # save
-            subprocess.run('zip -r study.zip study_*.txt'.split())
+            subprocess.run(['zip', '-r', 'study.zip', 'study_*.txt'])
             plot_val_study(x=x)  # plot
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(f'--task {opt.task} not in ("train", "val", "test", "speed", "study")')